PINT Lab · Liverpool

Personalised Interventions as Neurological Treatment

We combine temporal interference stimulation, real-time EEG, and clinical translation to build closed-loop, patient-specific therapies for Parkinson's disease and dementia.

TI Stimulation EEG signal processing Parkinson's disease Dementia Closed-loop Basal ganglia
Dr Edward Rhodes
Lecturer in Cognitive Neuroscience
University of Liverpool · est. Feb 2026
Formerly UK DRI / Imperial College London
8+
Years PD research
3
Grants held
2
Open positions
AMS Springboard Award submitted · April 2026
Research themes
01 — Stimulation
Temporal interference stimulation
Frequency- and phase-specific TI protocols that reach deep structures — globus pallidus internus, hippocampus — non-invasively. Moving beyond fixed-parameter approaches toward individually optimised fields.
02 — Signal processing
Real-time EEG analysis
Spectral decomposition, oscillatory dynamics, and EEG-triggered closed-loop delivery. Building the signal processing pipeline that makes personalised, on-demand neuromodulation tractable.
03 — Translation
Clinical translation
Connecting stimulation science to Parkinson's disease and dementia patient cohorts. Active collaborations across NHS Trusts and NIHR Applied Research networks in the North West.
Our philosophy

Grounded in the principles of precision medicine

Effective therapy for neurodegenerative disease cannot be one-size-fits-all. Every aspect of our research is designed around four interlocking principles — a framework that places the individual patient, not the average, at the centre of scientific and clinical decision-making.

Predictive
Anticipating disease before it takes hold
We use EEG biomarkers — particularly pathological beta oscillations in the basal ganglia — to identify neural signatures that precede clinical symptom onset and predict individual treatment response.
In practice: pre-treatment beta power as a predictor of GPi-TI stimulation response in Parkinson's disease
Preventive
Intervening before irreversible damage
Temporal interference stimulation offers a non-invasive route to modulating deep brain circuits before patients reach the threshold for surgical intervention — opening a window for early, low-risk neuromodulation.
In practice: non-invasive GPi targeting as an alternative to DBS in early-stage Parkinson's disease
Personalised
Tuned to the individual brain
Each patient's oscillatory dynamics are unique. Our closed-loop approach reads each individual's real-time EEG and delivers stimulation at their specific beta frequency and optimal oscillatory phase — not a population average.
In practice: individualised beta-frequency TI outperforms fixed-frequency and sham in pilot data
Participatory
Science built with patients, not on them
Through partnerships with NHS Trusts and NIHR Applied Research Collaboration networks, we embed patient and public involvement throughout our research — from study design to outcome selection to dissemination.
In practice: PPI representation in AMS Springboard study design; NIHR ARC North West Coast collaboration

Closed-loop, not open-loop

Most non-invasive stimulation delivers fixed parameters regardless of the brain's current state. We argue this is the wrong model. By reading ongoing beta oscillations in real time and triggering stimulation at specific oscillatory phases, we can engage target circuits when they are most susceptible — and stop when they are not.

This closed-loop architecture is what our lab is building toward: an EEG-informed, individualised TI system that adapts to the person, not the protocol.

Read about our methods
Closed-loop TI stimulation diagram EEG RECORDING Real-time beta power DECODE Phase detection TI STIMULATE GPi targeting CLOSED LOOP Parkinson's disease · Dementia
Selected publications
2023
Non-invasive temporal interference stimulation of the human hippocampus
Violante IR, Alania K, Cassara AM, Neufeld E, Rhodes E et al.  ·  Nature Neuroscience 26, 1994–2004
2024
Individualised beta-frequency GPi temporal interference stimulation modulates corticospinal excitability
Rhodes E et al.  ·  Brain Stimulation · in preparation
2022
Closed-loop non-invasive neuromodulation: targeting the globus pallidus internus in healthy adults
Rhodes E et al.  ·  Brain Stimulation · CloseNIT grant output
Join the lab
PhD projects in TI stimulation, EEG signal processing, and clinical translation. Enquiries welcome.
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